Small hydraulic turbines that are relatively simple to install. Minimum, water head and flow requirements are a nominally 10 metre head through a 100 millimetre pipe would produce 1Kwe. Minimum head required: 7 metres.

Can have very low visual impact or be considered architecturally attractive. Ideal option if water flow is available through the year.

Advantages

· Relatively easy to install.
· Reliable and controllable technology.
· Can be visually attractive.
· Could provide for remote power supply.

Limitations

· Requires good water resources with minimum head and flow rates.
· Environmental impact on water course.

Costs

· Units are designed for specific applications and economies of scale apply.
· Estimates in the range of £1000 to £2000 per kwe, depending on the size and head of water.

Applications

Limited to being installed in locations with good water resources.